ThermodynamiqueSciences Fondamentales 2 (ERE)

Know the physical phenomena involved in accidental situations (combustion, radiation, explosion...) and have the tools to model the effects of industrial activity: evaluation of thermal fluxes, amount of heat per unit surface

Perfect gas. Basic laws • Definition of the perfect gas. Concepts of kinetic theory of gases. Mole, volume, speeds, mean values, number of avogadro • Bernoulli's relationship. Definition of pressure. Pressure units. The relationship PV = 2/3U. Introduction of internal energy • Kinetic temperature. Basic relationship to define temperature < 1/2mv2 >= 3/2kT. Introduction of energy equidistribution, with 1/2kT per degree of freedom • Perfect gas state equation PV = nRT. Other writings of the state equation (with density...) • The classic laws of perfect gas: the law of Mariotte, Joule, Charles... • Some application exercises: calculation of the average distance between two gas molecules under normal conditions. Same work for water molecules Thermal interactions and the first principle of thermodynamics • General definitions of thermodynamic systems (open, closed and insulated). Sign conventions. Definition of system state, state variables • Status functions. Definition of reversible and irreversible thermodynamic transformations. Definition of thermodynamic cycles • Thermal interactions: introduction of work and heat • The first principle. New definition of internal energy U. The statements of principle 1. Special cases of thermodynamic cycles • The work of the pressure forces. irreversible and reversible cases. Graphical interpretation and introduction of the representation of Clapeyron (diagram (P,V)). The work involved on a cycle according to its direction of journey • Calorimetric coefficients. Mass and molar heat at constant volume and constant pressure • Application of previous concepts to the particular case of perfect gas. Internal energy based on the number of degrees of freedom of perfect gas molecules. The molar heats of the perfect gas, and the ratio of specific heats • The basic transformations of the perfect gas in the reversible case: isobare transformations, isochores, isothermal and adiabatic. Laplace relationship • Physical interpretations and calculation of energies (work, heat) involved during these transformations. • Carnot's cycle. Calculation of the work and heat involved. Definition of cycle performance, calculation of cycle performance • Applications: study of the Joule release, the Beau de Rochas cycle (internal combustion engine), the Joule cycle (gas turbine, with links between the actual operation and the transformation of the gas during the thermodynamic cycle) Actual Fluids: • Limitations of the perfect gas state equation • Andrews' thermal network. Introduction of critical parameters (temperature, pressure, volume). Example of nitrogen and butane • Van der Waals equation. Rationale for covolume and internal pressure terms. Calculation of critical parameters using van der Waals equation • Some notions about metastable states introduced from the graph of van der Waals equation • Hard calculations Dieterici equation: search for critical parameters (to do at home) Second principle and entropy • Generalities and definitions: thermostat, thermal machine, monothermal cycle • The statements of the second principle (Carnot, the two statements of Clauseius) • Carnot's theorem, efficiency of a thermal machine in the reversible case and irreversible case • The inequality of Clauseius, in the case of 2 sources, then transition to a continuous source • Entropy. Definition, properties. Theorems related to entropy of isolated systems • Perfect gas entropy. The diagrams (T, S) with the example of the Carnot cycle • Example of using entropy to search for a state of equilibrium • Exercises on the second principle of thermodynamics

Table control (duration 1h30)

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